9701 AS & A Level Chemistry: past papers

Relative atomic mass from isotopic abundances, electrons in the 3d subshell of an iron(II) ion, and the shape of orbitals.

Ground-state electron configuration of vanadium, isotopes of niobium and tantalum, and calculating a relative atomic mass.

Particles in Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ and their ionic radii, metallic bonding, melting points across Period 3, oxides with water, and amphoteric aluminium hydroxide.

Dynamic equilibrium in the iron(III) thiocyanate system, Le Chatelier changes, calculating Kc with units, and an electron configuration.

Atomic radius and melting points from silicon to sulfur, electrons in subshells, ionisation energies, and how Period 3 chlorides react with water.

Nitrogen oxides, acid rain and smog, testing for nitrates, oxidation states, successive ionisation energies of phosphorus, and bonding in N₂ and P₂.

Atomic radius and melting points from silicon to sulfur, electrons in subshells, ionisation energies, and how Period 3 chlorides react with water.

Relative atomic mass from isotopic abundances, electrons in the 3d subshell of an iron(II) ion, and the shape of orbitals.

Ground-state electron configuration of vanadium, isotopes of niobium and tantalum, and calculating a relative atomic mass.

Empirical formula of vitamin C and an iodine titration to find how much vitamin C a lemon contains.

Giant covalent structures of diamond and graphite and their conductivity, and how the chlorides of phosphorus and silicon react with water.

Period 3 oxides with oxygen and water, bonding in Al₂O₃, hydrolysing a nitrile, hydrating propene, and hydrogen bonding in Group 16 hydrides.

Nitrogen oxides, acid rain and smog, testing for nitrates, oxidation states, successive ionisation energies of phosphorus, and bonding in N₂ and P₂.

Particles in Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ and their ionic radii, metallic bonding, melting points across Period 3, oxides with water, and amphoteric aluminium hydroxide.

Nitrogen oxides, acid rain and smog, testing for nitrates, oxidation states, successive ionisation energies of phosphorus, and bonding in N₂ and P₂.

Period 3 oxides with oxygen and water, bonding in Al₂O₃, hydrolysing a nitrile, hydrating propene, and hydrogen bonding in Group 16 hydrides.

Giant covalent structures of diamond and graphite and their conductivity, and how the chlorides of phosphorus and silicon react with water.

Electrophilic addition to ethene, Hess's law, reactions of 1,2-dibromoethane, carbonyl tests, and identifying a compound from its infrared and mass spectra.

Enthalpy changes of sodium carbonate and hydrogencarbonate with acid from a calorimetry experiment and a Hess cycle.

Nitrogen oxides, acid rain and smog, testing for nitrates, oxidation states, successive ionisation energies of phosphorus, and bonding in N₂ and P₂.

Dynamic equilibrium in the iron(III) thiocyanate system, Le Chatelier changes, calculating Kc with units, and an electron configuration.

Forming N₂O₃ from NO and NO₂: rates approaching equilibrium, calculating Kp, nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, and making magnesium nitrate.

Forming N₂O₃ from NO and NO₂: rates approaching equilibrium, calculating Kp, nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, and making magnesium nitrate.

Mechanism of HBr addition to propene and why the secondary carbocation wins, then reading rates from a concentration-time graph for hydrogenation.

Giant covalent structures of diamond and graphite and their conductivity, and how the chlorides of phosphorus and silicon react with water.

Period 3 oxides with oxygen and water, bonding in Al₂O₃, hydrolysing a nitrile, hydrating propene, and hydrogen bonding in Group 16 hydrides.

Particles in Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ and their ionic radii, metallic bonding, melting points across Period 3, oxides with water, and amphoteric aluminium hydroxide.

Atomic radius and melting points from silicon to sulfur, electrons in subshells, ionisation energies, and how Period 3 chlorides react with water.

Making phosphoric acid, its use as an acid and catalyst in organic reactions, hydrating propene, and hydrolysing organophosphate esters.

Nitrogen oxides, acid rain and smog, testing for nitrates, oxidation states, successive ionisation energies of phosphorus, and bonding in N₂ and P₂.

Forming N₂O₃ from NO and NO₂: rates approaching equilibrium, calculating Kp, nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, and making magnesium nitrate.

Electrophilic addition to ethene, Hess's law, reactions of 1,2-dibromoethane, carbonyl tests, and identifying a compound from its infrared and mass spectra.

Optical isomers of a bromoalkane, substitution and elimination with NaOH, distinguishing tests, and hybridisation of carbon atoms.

Optical isomerism and naming lactic and pyruvic acids, their reactions, and two three-step syntheses.

Mechanism of HBr addition to propene and why the secondary carbocation wins, then reading rates from a concentration-time graph for hydrogenation.

Electrophilic addition to ethene, Hess's law, reactions of 1,2-dibromoethane, carbonyl tests, and identifying a compound from its infrared and mass spectra.

Optical isomers of a bromoalkane, substitution and elimination with NaOH, distinguishing tests, and hybridisation of carbon atoms.

Making phosphoric acid, its use as an acid and catalyst in organic reactions, hydrating propene, and hydrolysing organophosphate esters.

Reducing a carboxylic acid to an alcohol, then a three-step route through a chloroalkane and a nitrile to a new acid.

Electrophilic addition to ethene, Hess's law, reactions of 1,2-dibromoethane, carbonyl tests, and identifying a compound from its infrared and mass spectra.

Optical isomers of a bromoalkane, substitution and elimination with NaOH, distinguishing tests, and hybridisation of carbon atoms.

Period 3 oxides with oxygen and water, bonding in Al₂O₃, hydrolysing a nitrile, hydrating propene, and hydrogen bonding in Group 16 hydrides.

Identifying C₄H₁₀O alcohols from the M+1 peak, infrared spectra and oxidation with acidified dichromate.

Optical isomerism and naming lactic and pyruvic acids, their reactions, and two three-step syntheses.

Electrophilic addition to ethene, Hess's law, reactions of 1,2-dibromoethane, carbonyl tests, and identifying a compound from its infrared and mass spectra.

Optical isomerism and naming lactic and pyruvic acids, their reactions, and two three-step syntheses.

Reducing a carboxylic acid to an alcohol, then a three-step route through a chloroalkane and a nitrile to a new acid.

Making phosphoric acid, its use as an acid and catalyst in organic reactions, hydrating propene, and hydrolysing organophosphate esters.

Reducing a carboxylic acid to an alcohol, then a three-step route through a chloroalkane and a nitrile to a new acid.

Period 3 oxides with oxygen and water, bonding in Al₂O₃, hydrolysing a nitrile, hydrating propene, and hydrogen bonding in Group 16 hydrides.

Reducing a carboxylic acid to an alcohol, then a three-step route through a chloroalkane and a nitrile to a new acid.

Optical isomerism and naming lactic and pyruvic acids, their reactions, and two three-step syntheses.

Electrophilic addition to ethene, Hess's law, reactions of 1,2-dibromoethane, carbonyl tests, and identifying a compound from its infrared and mass spectra.

Identifying C₄H₁₀O alcohols from the M+1 peak, infrared spectra and oxidation with acidified dichromate.

Hydration enthalpies of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺, an energy cycle for the lattice energy of MgCl₂, entropy, and ΔG for a dissolving salt.

Solubility of Group 2 sulfates, what controls lattice energy, and a Born-Haber cycle for potassium sulfide.

What entropy is, entropy changes at melting and boiling, and ΔG for reducing iron(III) oxide.

Hydration enthalpies of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺, an energy cycle for the lattice energy of MgCl₂, entropy, and ΔG for a dissolving salt.

ΔG for burning carbon disulfide and the temperature at which a reaction stops being feasible.

Reactions and colours of cobalt(II) complexes, d-orbital splitting in a tetrahedral complex, and using E⦵ values for hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and reductant.

First-order kinetics and half-life, how transition metals catalyse (Haber process, catalytic converters, NO₂ with SO₂), and predicting reactions from E⦵ values.

Decomposition of Group 1 nitrates, a manganate(VII) back-titration, and E⦵ values for the disproportionation of manganate(VI).

Conjugate pairs and pKa, preparing an ethanoate buffer and its pH, and a fuel cell.

Vanadium and iron electrode potentials, predicting reactions, cell potentials, and finding the Avogadro constant by electrolysis.

Vanadium and iron electrode potentials, predicting reactions, cell potentials, and finding the Avogadro constant by electrolysis.

Thermal decomposition of Group 2 nitrates and the pH of a strontium hydroxide solution.

Conjugate acid-base pairs, Ka calculations for a weak acid, and buffers.

pH and Ksp of calcium hydroxide, the common ion effect, solubility of Group 2 sulfates, conjugate pairs and the pH of an ethanoate buffer.

Conjugate pairs and pKa, preparing an ethanoate buffer and its pH, and a fuel cell.

A benzoic acid and sodium benzoate buffer: pH and concentrations, and the Ksp and solubility of magnesium benzoate.

pH and Ksp of calcium hydroxide, the common ion effect, solubility of Group 2 sulfates, conjugate pairs and the pH of an ethanoate buffer.

A benzoic acid and sodium benzoate buffer: pH and concentrations, and the Ksp and solubility of magnesium benzoate.

Thermal decomposition of Group 2 ethanedioates, and a manganate(VII) titration to find solubility.

Orders of reaction, rate-determining steps and mechanisms, and finding a rate constant from a rate graph.

First-order kinetics and half-life, how transition metals catalyse (Haber process, catalytic converters, NO₂ with SO₂), and predicting reactions from E⦵ values.

Finding a rate equation and rate constant from initial-rate data, and the mechanism of ozone breakdown.

Iodination of propanone: orders from the rate equation, a zero-order graph, and a suggested four-step mechanism.

Thermal decomposition of Group 2 nitrates and the pH of a strontium hydroxide solution.

pH and Ksp of calcium hydroxide, the common ion effect, solubility of Group 2 sulfates, conjugate pairs and the pH of an ethanoate buffer.

Solubility of Group 2 sulfates, what controls lattice energy, and a Born-Haber cycle for potassium sulfide.

Thermal decomposition of Group 2 ethanedioates, and a manganate(VII) titration to find solubility.

First-order kinetics and half-life, how transition metals catalyse (Haber process, catalytic converters, NO₂ with SO₂), and predicting reactions from E⦵ values.

Cobalt aqua ions with hydroxide, a complex with a tridentate ligand and d-orbital splitting, and a manganate(VII) titration to find a formula.

Decomposition of Group 1 nitrates, a manganate(VII) back-titration, and E⦵ values for the disproportionation of manganate(VI).

Variable oxidation states, the shape of a d orbital, copper(II) complexes with ligands, why [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ is colourless, and stereoisomers of a ruthenium complex.

Monodentate ligands, why transition elements form complexes, and geometry and isomerism of rhodium, gold and nickel complexes.

Reactions and colours of cobalt(II) complexes, d-orbital splitting in a tetrahedral complex, and using E⦵ values for hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and reductant.

Cobalt aqua ions with hydroxide, a complex with a tridentate ligand and d-orbital splitting, and a manganate(VII) titration to find a formula.

Stability constants of nickel complexes with ammonia and 1,2-diaminoethane, and the chelate effect.

Variable oxidation states, the shape of a d orbital, copper(II) complexes with ligands, why [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ is colourless, and stereoisomers of a ruthenium complex.

EDTA as a polydentate ligand, stability constants, and colours of copper complexes.

Monodentate ligands, why transition elements form complexes, and geometry and isomerism of rhodium, gold and nickel complexes.

Reactions and colours of cobalt(II) complexes, d-orbital splitting in a tetrahedral complex, and using E⦵ values for hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and reductant.

Cobalt aqua ions with hydroxide, a complex with a tridentate ligand and d-orbital splitting, and a manganate(VII) titration to find a formula.

Variable oxidation states, the shape of a d orbital, copper(II) complexes with ligands, why [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ is colourless, and stereoisomers of a ruthenium complex.

Enantiomers of an amine, basicity of amines, forming amides, and addition vs condensation polymers.

Optical isomers of serine, racemic mixtures, and proton and carbon-13 NMR of amino acids.

Nitration of methylbenzene, why phenol reacts more easily, reactions of 2-nitrophenol, relative acidities, and functional groups in a drug.

Chlorination of benzene: the catalyst and the electrophilic substitution mechanism.

Synthesis of methyl red: nitration and directing effects, reducing a nitro group, diazotisation and coupling.

Making benzoic acid from benzene, carbon-13 NMR of methylbenzene, and reactions of benzoic acid.

Nitration of methylbenzene, why phenol reacts more easily, reactions of 2-nitrophenol, relative acidities, and functional groups in a drug.

Reactions of ethanedioic acid (acyl chloride formation, oxidation, acidity) and making a polyester from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid.

Acidity of chlorinated acids, acyl chlorides from thionyl chloride, a polyester, and identifying a compound from tests and proton NMR.

Making benzoic acid from benzene, carbon-13 NMR of methylbenzene, and reactions of benzoic acid.

Making diethylamine, relative basicity of amines, azo dyes, and amide formation with ethanoyl chloride.

Nitration of methylbenzene, why phenol reacts more easily, reactions of 2-nitrophenol, relative acidities, and functional groups in a drug.

Enantiomers of an amine, basicity of amines, forming amides, and addition vs condensation polymers.

Synthesis of methyl red: nitration and directing effects, reducing a nitro group, diazotisation and coupling.

Basicity of phenylamine, benzylamine and ammonia, bromination, amides, isoelectric points and electrophoresis of amino acids.

Making diethylamine, relative basicity of amines, azo dyes, and amide formation with ethanoyl chloride.

A dipeptide from serine and lysine, isoelectric points and separating amino acids by electrophoresis.

Optical isomers of serine, racemic mixtures, and proton and carbon-13 NMR of amino acids.

Basicity of phenylamine, benzylamine and ammonia, bromination, amides, isoelectric points and electrophoresis of amino acids.

Enantiomers of an amine, basicity of amines, forming amides, and addition vs condensation polymers.

Reactions of ethanedioic acid (acyl chloride formation, oxidation, acidity) and making a polyester from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid.

Acidity of chlorinated acids, acyl chlorides from thionyl chloride, a polyester, and identifying a compound from tests and proton NMR.

Polylactic acid as a condensation polymer, proton NMR of lactic acid, and gas-liquid chromatography.

Reactions of ethanedioic acid (acyl chloride formation, oxidation, acidity) and making a polyester from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid.

Synthesis of methyl red: nitration and directing effects, reducing a nitro group, diazotisation and coupling.

Carbon-13 and proton NMR of an ester: reference, solvent, number of peaks and splitting.

Optical isomers of serine, racemic mixtures, and proton and carbon-13 NMR of amino acids.

Acidity of chlorinated acids, acyl chlorides from thionyl chloride, a polyester, and identifying a compound from tests and proton NMR.

Making benzoic acid from benzene, carbon-13 NMR of methylbenzene, and reactions of benzoic acid.

Polylactic acid as a condensation polymer, proton NMR of lactic acid, and gas-liquid chromatography.

Polylactic acid as a condensation polymer, proton NMR of lactic acid, and gas-liquid chromatography.