Paper 1 · Module
Further calculus
Volumes, mean values and improper integrals
Spin a curve about an axis and the solid's volume is (or ). The mean value of on is . An improper integral has an infinite limit or an infinite integrand: replace it by a limit and see whether that limit exists.
≈ 45 minInverse trig and hyperbolic functions in calculus
Differentiating implicitly gives ; similar results hold for , , . Read backwards, these give the integrals of , and , which algebra alone can't do.
≈ 45 minMaclaurin series
Any smooth function can be approximated near by a polynomial whose derivatives match it there: . Standard series for , , , and combine by substitution, multiplication and differentiation.
≈ 45 min